“Sanctions increasingly resemble forms of economic siege, yet they remain weakly constrained by binding humanitarian standards. Drawing on legal analysis, coercion theory, and institutional practice, this report advances the case for negotiating a Convention on the Regulation and Prohibition of Coercive Economic Measures Affecting Civilians. Such a convention would not eliminate sanctions. Rather, it would embed humanitarian guardrails analogous to those governing military force, thereby restoring sanctions’ legitimacy as instruments of diplomacy rather than mechanisms of societal deprivation.”